【英文标准名称】:StandardTestMethodsforMeasurementofElectricalPerformanceandSpectralResponseofNonconcentratorMultijunctionPhotovoltaicCellsandModules
【原文标准名称】:非集中多结光电池和组件的电性能和光谱灵敏度测量的标准试验方法
【标准号】:ASTME2236-2005a
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:
【发布日期】:2005
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(US-ASTM)
【起草单位】:E44.09
【标准类型】:(TestMethod)
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:性能;测量;光谱的;电性能;响应;光电电池
【英文主题词】:SolarEnergy;Photovoltaics;MultijunctionDevices;ElectricalPerformance;SpectralResponse
【摘要】:Inaseries-connectedmultijunctionPVdevice,theincidenttotalandspectralirradiancedetermineswhichcomponentcellwillgeneratethesmallestphotocurrentandthuslimitthecurrentthroughtheentireseries-connecteddevice.Thiscurrent-limitingbehavioralsoaffectsthefillfactorofthedevice.Becauseofthis,specialtechniquesareneededtomeasurethecorrectI-Vcharacteristicsofmultijunctiondevicesunderthedesiredreportingconditions(seeTestMethodsE1036).Thesetestmethodsuseanumericalparametercalledthecurrentbalancewhichisameasureofhowwellthetestconditionsreplicatethedesiredreportingconditions.Whenthecurrentbalancedeviatesfromunitybymorethan0.03,theuncertaintyofthemeasurementmaybeincreased.TheeffectsofcurrentlimitinginindividualcomponentcellscancauseproblemsforI-Vcurvetranslationstodifferenttemperatureandirradianceconditions,suchasthetranslationsrecommendedinTestMethodsE1036.Forexample,ifadifferentcomponentcellbecomesthelimitingcellastheirradianceisvaried,adiscontinuityinthecurrentversusirradiancecharacteristicmaybeobserved.Forthisreason,itisrecommendedthatI-Vcharacteristicsofmultijunctiondevicesbemeasuredattemperatureandirradianceconditionsclosetothedesiredreportingconditions.Somemultijunctiondeviceshavemorethantwoterminalswhichallowelectricalconnectionstoeachcomponentcell.Inthesecases,thespecialtechniquesforspectralresponsemeasurementsarenotneededbecausethecomponentcellscanbemeasuredindividually.However,theseI-Vtechniquesarestillneededifthedeviceisintendedtobeoperatedasatwo-terminaldevice.Usingthesetestmethods,thespectralresponseistypicallymeasuredwhiletheindividualcomponentcellundertestisilluminatedatlevelsthatarelessthanEo.Nonlinearityofthespectralresponsemaycausethemeasuredresultstodifferfromthespectralresponseattheilluminationlevelsofactualuseconditions.1.1Thesetestmethodsprovidespecialtechniquesneededtodeterminetheelectricalperformanceandspectralresponseoftwo-terminal,multijunctionphotovoltaic(PV)devices,bothcellandmodules.1.2Thesetestmethodsaremodificationsandextensionsoftheproceduresforsingle-junctiondevicesdefinedbyTestMethodsE948,E1021,andE1036.1.3Thesetestmethodsdonotincludetemperatureandirradiancecorrectionsforspectralresponseandcurrent-voltage(I-V)measurements.ProceduresforsuchcorrectionsareavailableinTestMethodsE948,E1021,andE1036.1.4Thesetestmethodsapplyonlytononconcentratorterrestrialmultijunctionphotovoltaiccellsandmodules.1.5Thisstandarddoesnotpurporttoaddressallofthesafetyconcerns,ifany,associatedwithitsuse.Itistheresponsibilityoftheuserofthisstandardtoestablishappropriatesafetyandhealthpracticesanddeterminetheapplicabilityofregulatorylimitationspriortouse.
【中国标准分类号】:K83
【国际标准分类号】:27_160
【页数】:5P.;A4
【正文语种】:
【英文标准名称】:StandardPracticeforManualSamplingofStationaryCoalfromRailroadCars,Barges,Trucks,orStockpiles
【原文标准名称】:从有轨电车、驳船、卡车或煤堆手工取样稳态煤的标准实施规程
【标准号】:ASTMD6883-2004
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:
【发布日期】:2004
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(US-ASTM)
【起草单位】:D05.23
【标准类型】:(Practice)
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:取样;汽车;运输车辆;驳船;固定的;水分检验;煤
【英文主题词】:barges;manualsampling;railcars;railroadcars;stockpiles
【摘要】:Theseguidelinesprovideproceduresformanuallycollectinggrosssamplesfrombeneaththeexposedsurfaceofcoalinrailroadcars,barges,trucks,orstockpilestakingintoaccountthewidevarietyofconditionsthatmaybeencountered.Thesamplesarefurtherprocessedforthelaboratorytoprovideestimationsofthecoalquality.Theuseofthispracticeisconditionaluponagreementamongallinterestedpartiesconcerningallrelevantdetailsofsamplecollectionbeforesamplingbegins.Theseinclude,butarenotlimitedto:lotsize;numberandmassofincrements;thesize,shape,andmanipulationoftheincrementcollectiondevices;locationofincrementcollectionsiteorsites;circumstancesunderwhichincrementsarenottobecollectedorsuspended;andsafetyprecautions.Itispreferablethatsuchagreementsbeinwriting.Theuseriscautionedthatsamplessoobtaineddonotrepresentmaterialbelowthepointofpenetration.1.1Thispracticecoversproceduresforobtainingamanualgrosssamplefrombeneaththesurfaceofcoalinrailroadcars,barges,trucks,orstockpiles.Theseproceduresaretobeusedtoprovidegrosssamplesforestimatingthequalityofthecoal.Thegrosssamplesaretobecrushed,divided,andfurtherpreparedforanalysisinaccordancewithPracticeD2013.1.2Thispracticeprovidesinstructionforsamplingbeneaththeexposedsurfacecoaltoadepthofapproximately61cm(24in.).Collectsamplesatthisdepthtogetbelowthesurfaceofthematerial,sincedryingandoxidationmayhaveoccurredat,ornearthesurface.Changesinmoisture,inparticlesize,andinotherpropertiescontinuetooccurdeeperinthecoaland,althoughnotasdrasticasnearthesurface,willcausethemethodtobebiased.Theusershouldreviewtheconditionsofthecoal(weatherconditions,priortransport,settlingtime,andsoforth,see8.1)sothattheinterestedpartiescanagreethatpotentialbiasesarenotoverlygreatorthatsomeadjustmentinspecificationsiswarranted.Sampleincrementscollectedfromthesurfacelayer(s)ofcoalinrailroadcars,barges,orstockpilesareclassifiedcondition"D"(seePracticeD2234,IncrementCollectionClassification).Itisagoodpracticetorequirethat"detailsofsamplingprocedureshallbeagreeduponinadvancebyallpartiesconcerned"whenevercollectionofsampleincrementsfallsundercondition"D."ThispracticeoffersasamplingprocedurethatpartiesmayusetomeetrequirementsofPracticeD2234forcondition"D."ThepracticedoesnotproducesamplesthatsatisfyprecisionrequirementsofPracticeD2234general-purposesampling,orPracticeD2234special-purposesampling.1.3Theuseriscautionedthatsamplesofthistypedonotsatisfytheminimumrequirementsforprobabilitysamplingandassuchcannotbeusedtodrawstatisticalinferencessuchasprecision,standarderror,orbias.1.4Thissamplingmethodisintendedforuseonlywhensamplingbymorereliablemethodsthatprovideaprobabilitysampleisnotpossible.1.5ThequantitiesstatedineitheracceptableSIunitsorininch-poundunitsareregardedseparatelyasstandard.Thequantitiesstatedineachsystemmaynotbeexactequivalents;therefore,eachsystemmustbeusedindependentlyoftheother,withoutcombiningquantitiesinanyway.1.6Thisstandarddoesnotpurporttoaddressallofthesafetyconcerns,ifany,associatedwithitsuse.Itistheresponsibilityoftheuserofthisstandardtoestablishappropriatesafetyandhealthpracticesanddeterminetheapplicabilityofregulatorylimitationspriortouse.
【中国标准分类号】:D21
【国际标准分类号】:73_040
【页数】:5P.;A4
【正文语种】:
基本信息
| 标准名称： | 氧化锌静电胶印版纸 |
| 中标分类： |
仪器、仪表 >>
电影、照相、缩微、复印设备 >>
缩微复印机械 |
| 替代情况： | 原标准号ZB N47011-1990 |
| 发布部门： | 全国复印机械标委会 |
| 发布日期： | 1999-08-06 |
| 实施日期： | 2000-01-01 |
| 首发日期： | 1900-01-01 |
| 作废日期： | 1900-01-01 |
| 归口单位： | 全国复印机械标准化技术委员会 |
| 出版日期： | 1900-01-01 |
| 页数： | 8 页 |
| 批文号： | 国机管[1999]422 |
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所属分类： 仪器 仪表 电影 照相 缩微 复印设备 缩微复印机械